Article Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Electromagn Biol Med. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. 2006;79:13140. Abe M, Bonini NM. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. 1999;9:3438. 2015;51:15865. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats.
Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety Google Scholar. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. 2006;12:44651. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 2017;38:106976. Int J Radiat Biol. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. 2009;63:10106. Zhang et al. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Cosquer et al. Mil Med Sci. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Gold PE. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Behav Brain Res. 2016;74:99107. Sareesh et al. Richter et al. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. J Sleep Res. Behav Brain Res. 2004;115:1490505. 2004;25:4957. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Mol Neurobiol. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al.
PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation.
PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects Interphone study group. Fragopoulou et al. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Mack et al. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. Neuroreport. However,. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Surg Neurol. 2014;9:e95503. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. 2002;64:31353. Military Medical Research Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. Verma et al. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated.
Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Google Scholar. Ning et al. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. 2002;5:18995. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. 2012;31:25074. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. J Neurosci. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. 2013;5:5500110. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Terms and Conditions, Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. 2003;140:147. 2008;22:9927. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. 2004;48:46624.
Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR Antimicrob Agents Chemother. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. J Pharm Sci. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. 2011;107:35661. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. 2013;34:58998. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. World J Biol Chem. J Natl Cancer Inst. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. 2013;34:26474. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. PubMed 2016;397:2239. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. California Privacy Statement, 2013;89:11007. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. [84] and Sharma et al. Int J Radiat Biol. 2006;165:63644. 2009;158:12639.
Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. 2003;80:177. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Springer Nature. 2012;25:1828. PubMed After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. 1992;49:1818. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. 2004;996:8996. Neuroreport.
Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd Acta Pharmacol Sin. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. J Electromagnet Anal. Physiol Behav. Privacy Article The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. 2013;17:711. 1975;148:1723. Cookies policy. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Koch C, Zador A. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. The conclusions are shown in Table3. 2012;3:3440. Yale J Biol Med. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects.