Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. 18091. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction | Language Dispersal No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. The young woman, whose name was Nandi, was, with ageless injustice, cast out to give birth to her illegitimate child in exile. They generally lack case inflection, but grammatical gender is characteristic, with some languages having two dozen genders (noun classes). Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. Shaka, the 'Mfecane' and Africa's first recorded genocide However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. In both these stages the Bantu expansion seems to have coincided fairly closely with the spread of the Iron Age; and, if the spread of the Iron Age through the area north of the southern woodlands can now be traced in something like the detail which we already have for Zambia and Rhodesia, the mystery of the Bantu expansion will have been largely unravelled. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. fall into the classification of genocide. Masaman : The Bantu Expansion | Somali Spot | Forum, News, Videos The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. Africa's World War: The Congo War - History Guild In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Sutton, J. E. G. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. Bambuti | Pygmy groups | Britannica If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). That's a bold claim. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? followed by the recent Bantu expansion separating the two regions.One . The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. [28] Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. "[26] In some places, genetic evidence suggests that Bantu language expansion was largely a result of substantial population replacement. Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. It's not white supremacist to study history. False and dangerous equivalency. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Bantu Expansion - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Yet there's no evidence for both migrations. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. How much did the Khoisan population shrink during the Bantu expansion This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. cit. The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. How can you have a Cracka, talking about African History?? These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. See below. Oliver and Mathew, op. But he also displayed a dangerous pathology, perhaps born of his reduced birth, and the suffering that his mother endured on his behalf, but also, perhaps, because of hidden homosexuality. No, it's not. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. The hypothesized Bantu expansion pushed out or assimilated the hunter-forager proto-Khoisan, who had formerly inhabited Southern Africa. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. But the Bantu farmers didn't swiftly drive hunter-gatherers to oblivion. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu -speaking group, [3] [4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. When they reached the Zulu shield-wall, they were so tightly bunched they could scarcely fight. It is for chronological data concerning the second and third stages that we can now turn hopefully to archaeology. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Was the Bantu Expansion genocide of the Pygmies, Khoisan, and - reddit This monumental event has attracted significant debate and speculation that recent research has endeavored to resolve. "useRatesEcommerce": false The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. View all Google Scholar citations Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. Prior to the arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. During their initial migration across most of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, which took place between . The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. In South Africa, however, a more complex intermixing could have taken place.[31]. How do you study history? If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. The Hutu are almost similar to the Tutsi who are also an ethnic majority in Rwanda. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013.
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