progressive era literature progressive era literature

Muckrakers and Their Major Investigations - ThoughtCo It endorsed jingoistic nationalism as opposed to the businessmen's calculation of profit and national interest. Thanks to the efforts of Oregon State Representative William S. U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League, voters in Oregon overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum processes for citizens to directly introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system. Oregon was one of the few states where former Populists like U'Ren became progressive leaders. [4], To revitalize democracy, progressives established direct primary elections, direct election of senators (rather than by state legislatures), initiative and referendum,[5] and women's suffrage which was promoted to advance democracy and bring a "purer" female vote into the arena. It also included trusts or combinations in beef, lumber, wine, turpentine, wallpaper, licorice, thread, and watches. Progressive Era literature - Syracuse University Press [4] Both of them invited Syed Fakhruddin Balley (known as Balley Alig)to join. Murphy, William B. In M. Fischer, C. Nackenoff, & W. Chielewski, Carl Eis, "The 19191930 Merger Movement In American Industry", Peter H. Argersinger, "Electoral Processes." The leadership of the GOP in Congress moved to the right, as did his protg President William Howard Taft. Many spent this leisure time at movie theaters. This allowed both Carnegie and Rockefeller to operate internationally with a powerful effect. ", Joan Malczewski, "Weak state, stronger schools: Northern philanthropy and organizational Change in the Jim Crow South.". The direct primary made it possible to mobilize voters against the previously dominant political machines. While the British suffragettes stopped their protests in 1914 and supported the British war effort, Paul began her campaign in 1917 and was widely criticized for ignoring the war and attracting radical anti-war elements. [fact or opinion? Taft's four years had 54 civil and 36 criminal suits and Taft's prosecutor secured 55 convictions and 35 acquittals. As the United States entered World War I, the Conscription Act banned the sale of liquor near military bases. [134][135] Typical projects involved upgrading schools, modernizing church operations, expanding business opportunities, fighting for a larger share of state budgets, and engaging in legal action to secure equal rights. The Democrats were a minor factor in the state, but he did form coalitions with the active Socialist Party in Milwaukee. Passing an income tax, which initially was only on very high earners, was good in that many of the services it pays for are a good thing. Buenker, John D., and Edward R. Kantowicz, eds. The unions wanted restrictions on judges who intervened in labor disputes, usually on the side of the employer. In 1916, federal aid was first made available to improve post-roads, and promote general commerce. [237] Alternatively called home arts, the major curriculum reform in women's education was influenced by the publication of Treatise on Domestic Economy, written by Catherine Beecher in 1843. Progressive scholars, based at the emerging research universities such as Harvard, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, Chicago, Michigan, Wisconsin, and California, worked to modernize their disciplines. ", Mowry, George E. The California Progressive and His Rationale: A Study in Middle Class Politics., Bruce, Kyle and Chris Nyland. The Democrats were a minor conservative factor in Wisconsin. Political cartoon depicting fat businessmen sitting on bags of money while working people struggle under the burdens of their trades, such as clothing, iron, and lumber. The inauguration of Pres. The Philippines was a major target for the progressive reformers. The boxes below showcase some of the books and eBooks we have on literary criticism related to Progressive Era literature. Their explicit goal was to professionalize and make "scientific" the social sciences, especially history,[8] economics,[9] and political science. County fairs not only gave prizes for the most productive agricultural practices, they also demonstrated those practices to an attentive rural audience. Calling themselves "The New Nationalists", Croly and Walter Weyl sought to remedy the relatively weak national institutions with a strong federal government. Wickersham discovered that trust busting meant higher prices for consumers. The Progressive Era | Key Facts | Britannica Wik, for example, argues that Ford's "views on technology and the mechanization of rural America were generally enlightened, progressive, and often far ahead of his times. He tried, without success, to lower the high protective tariff in Washington. Taft's political base was the conservative business community which largely supported peace movements before 1914. Concrete was first used in 1933, and expanded until it became the dominant surfacing material in the 1930s. Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff. Standard Oil was widely hated. Gender, ethnic, business, labor, religion, Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration, Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration, History of women in the United States Progressive era: 19001940, National American Woman Suffrage Association, Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Initiatives and referendums in the United States, American urban history Progressive era: 1890s1920s, History of direct democracy in the United States, Direct Democracy League for initiative and referendum in California, "United States History. He quipped, "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident, I hit it in the stomach," as readers demanded and got the Meat Inspection Act[20] and the Pure Food and Drug Act. By 1930, 12.4% of 18- to 21-year-olds were attending college, whereas in 1890 only about 3% of this demographic had an interest in higher learning. ", Paul L. Murphy, "World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States" (1979), Arthur S. Link, "What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?,", Stanley Coben, "Ordinary white Protestants: The KKK of the 1920s,", Barry C. Edwards, "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive. The All India Writers' Association was set up in Lucknow on 9 April 1936 under the leadership of Syed Sajjad Zahir and Ahmed Ali at the Rifa-e-Aam Club in Lucknow. [129] Within more engagements and marriages, both parties would exchange love notes as a way to express their sexual feelings. The Progressive Era Key Facts", H-SHGAPE, H-Net Reviews. Direct link to Robert Novitsky's post How did the U.S. congress, Posted 7 years ago. (This was happening as late as the 1970s in states like California and North Carolina). Farmers and workers relied heavily on their children to work and help the family's income. [87] University economics professors John R. Commons and Harold Groves enabled Wisconsin to create the first unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932. In 1913, while revolutionaries took control of the government, Wilson judged them to be immoral, and refused to acknowledge the in-place government on that reason alone. Public sentiment was against monopolies, and legislators worked to regulate the massive corporations that wielded economic and political power. He insisted that antitrust lawsuits continue to the end; 16 new cases were launched in the last 2 months of the Taft administration.[191]. [113], A main objective of the Progressive Era movement was to eliminate corruption within the government. [227] The Anti-Saloon League which began in Ohio was formed in 1893, uniting activists from different religious groups. And I wonder how an act like that was passed even know people in powerful positions at that time were mostly white males. Paul Fass, speaking of youth, says "Progressivism as an angle of vision, as an optimistic approach to social problems, was very much alive. In 1902, the Oregon Legislative Assembly approved such a system, which was known at the time as the "Oregon System". The Roosevelt in approach incorporated a near-mystical faith of the ennobling nature of war. [99] The League sent questionnaires to prospective candidates to the state legislature to obtain their stance on direct legislation and to make those positions public. Jensen, Richard. By contrast, Europe and Asia had few foundations. The 33 seldom competed with each other. Unfortunately those who held to these views confused the difference between beautifully unique and equal cultures with a biological deficit. Finally, in 1920, Iowa got woman suffrage with the rest of the country by the 19th amendment to the federal Constitution. Google map location Syracuse, New York 13244-5290 ; 315.443.5534; f: 315.443.5545; supress@syr.edu in David R Colburn and Sandra Pozzetta, eds., Arlene F. Kantor, "Upton Sinclair and the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906.: 'I aimed at the public's heart and by accident, I hit it in the stomach'. Rate this book. "Social Imperialism as Trasformismo: A Political Economy Case Study on the Progressive Era, the Federal Reserve Act, and the U.S.'s Entry into World War One, 18901917", in M. Lakitsch, Ed., Thelen, David P. "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism,", Glad, Paul W. "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s,", Lemons, J. Stanley. Both opposed corruption and trusts. [148], Many Progressives sought to enable the citizenry to rule more directly and circumvent machines, bosses and professional politicians. This affected both the government and the public reformers. The Democratic Party was in full control of all statewide Southern elections. Women's. U'Ren also helped in the passage of an amendment in 1908 that gave voters power to recall elected officials, and would go on to establish, at the state level, popular election of U.S. Paul's members chained themselves to the White House fence to get arrested, then went on hunger strikes to gain publicity. The Voter's Choice Act was enacted in the county to make voting more convenient. The social hygiene movement brought together different groups that were concerned with venereal disease, prostitution, society's moral standards, and family life. A Civic Machinery for Democratic Expression: Jane Addams on Public Administration. The American reformers blamed peasant resistance to landownership for the law's failure and argued that large plantations and sharecropping was the Philippines' best path to development. Within the first hours of prohibition, the police in Chicago reported the theft of medicinal liquor. In 1905 the legislature elected him to the United States Senate, where he emerged as a national progressive leader, often clashing with conservatives like Senator Nelson Aldrich. America did not participate in WWI, preferring instead to try to broker peace and avoid conflict. [272] Likewise it was influential in the Midwest. A leading Republican, Cummins fought to break up monopolies. The first factors involved the La Follette family going back and forth between trying to control of the Republican Party and if frustrated trying third-party activity especially in 1924 and the 1930s. His Iowa successes included establishing the direct primary to allow voters to select candidates instead of bosses; outlawing free railroad passes for politicians; imposing a two-cents-per-mile railway maximum passenger fare; imposing pure food and drug laws; and abolishing corporate campaign contributions. Since poverty, mental illness, and different racial and ethnic backgrounds were considered biologically undesirable traits, the process of sterilization was used as an unethical means to "cleanse" humanity of biological weaknesses. [100] Furthermore, Southern Democrats in Congress gave strong support to President Wilson's reforms. Many of today's U.S. regulatory agencies were created during these years, including the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission. In the North Robert LaFollette introduced the primary in Wisconsin in 1904. Outside the Senate, however, a strong majority of the surviving Progressives from the 1910s had become conservative opponents of New Deal economic planning.[283]. This worksheet works on a number of different skill sets: reading comprehension, multiple choice questions, political cartoon analysis, and reading excerpt analysis. Gilded Age Progressive Era Books - Goodreads [21], The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal operated at the state and local level, like Ray Stannard Baker, George Creel, and Brand Whitlock. Biographer William Harbaugh argues: Woodrow Wilson gained a national reputation as governor of New Jersey by defeating the bosses and pushing through a progressive agenda. Increasingly skeptical of the capacity of social welfare legislation to remedy social ills, Croly argued that America's liberal promise could be redeemed only by syndicalist reforms involving workplace democracy. While white Progressives in principle believed in improving conditions for minority groups, there were wide differences in how this was to be achieved. It prohibited the manufacturing, sale or transport of intoxicating beverages within the United States, as well as import and export. He won 1/6 of the national vote, but carried only his home state. During the Progressive Era, protections for workers and consumers were strengthened, and women finally achieved the right to vote. This was done through the Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act of 1914, and the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. "[269], Tindall stresses the continuing importance of the Progressive movement in the South in the 1920s involving increased democracy, efficient government, corporate regulation, social justice, and governmental public service. Kenneth Finegold, "Traditional Reform, Municipal Populism, and Progressivism,", Arthur E. DeMatteo, "The Progressive As Elitist: 'Golden Rule' Jones and the Toledo Charter Reform Campaign of 1901,", Eugene M. Tobin, "The Progressive as Single Taxer: Mark Fagan and the Jersey City Experience, 19001917,", Martin J. Schiesl, "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 19091913,", G. Wayne Dowdy, "'A Business Government by a Business Man': E. H. Crump as a Progressive Mayor, 19101915,", William E. Ellis, "Robert Worth Bingham and Louisville Progressivism, 19051910,", William L. Bowers, "Country-Life Reform, 19001920: A Neglected Aspect of Progressive Era History. in, Arthur J. Altmeyer, "The Wisconsin Idea and Social Security. To be honest I'm not completely understanding the "sterilization" what is it exactly? Corporations and trusts are larger today than ever before. [257] A strong anti-war movement headed by noted Progressives including Jane Addams, was suppressed by the Preparedness Movement and Wilson's 1916 re-election, a victory largely enabled by his campaign slogan, "He kept us out of the war. In the early 20th century most states adopted the system for local and state racesbut only 14 used it for delegates to the national presidential nominating conventions. The poor rural backward state took a regional leadership role in modernizing the economy in society, based on expanded roles for public education, state universities, and more roles for middle class women. The Progressives also made strides in attempts to reduce political corruption through the 17th amendment (direct election of U.S. [259], The politics of the 1920s was unfriendly toward the labor unions and liberal crusaders against business, so many if not most historians who emphasize those themes write off the decade. ENGL B2: American Progressive Era: Finding Literary Criticism [14] He suggested that using the initiative would give political power to the working class and reduce the need for strikes. Sterilization is a medical procedure that stops the reproductive system from working. The federal government responded to Sinclair's book and the NeillReynolds Report with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration. [200], Foreign policy in the progressive era was often marked by a tone of moral supremacy. Walter Lippmann and the Roots of 20th Century Progressivism Unlike the final election run by government officials, primaries are run by party officials, making it easy to discriminate against black voters in the era of Jim Crow. [206], Elite Filipina women played a major role in the reform movement, especially on health issues. Pinchot's main contribution was his leadership in promoting scientific forestry and emphasizing the controlled, profitable use of forests and other natural resources so they would be of maximum benefit to mankind. [220][221] In the South, especially in Texas, prohibition was a top priority of the Protestant progressives.[222][223]. The Progressive era The character and variety of the Progressive movement. [56], Upton Sinclair was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. The Progressive political crusades were overshadowed in 1919 by violent confrontations with Bolsheviks (Communists), anarchists and violent strikes. ", Dalton, Kathleen. Direct link to Kim Kutz Elliott's post Not necessarily! [228] The league, rooted in Protestant churches, envisioned nationwide prohibition. ", Dewey W. Grantham, "Southern congressional leaders and the new freedom, 19131917. Women were especially active through the WCTU in church activism, promoting prohibition, overseas missions, and local public schools. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 halted most transcontinental immigration, only after 1919 did the flow of immigrants resume. The Transition to Realism. [158] New York Republican Governor Charles Evans Hughes made a primary law his top goal in 1909 and failed.[159][160]. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2012). The Wisconsin Idea was the commitment of the University of Wisconsin under President Charles R. Van Hise, with LaFollette support, to use the university's powerful intellectual resources to develop practical progressive reforms for the state and indeed for the nation. A coalition of middle class reform-oriented voters, academic experts, and reformers hostile to the political machines started forming in the 1890s and introduced a series of reforms in urban America, designed to reduce waste, inefficiency and corruption, by introducing scientific methods, compulsory education and administrative innovations. It was radically egalitarian in favor of the disadvantaged classes. The third party fell apart in the 1930s, and totally collapsed by 1946. "[258] The slogan was no longer accurate by April 6 of the following year, when Wilson surprised much of the Progressive base that twice elected him and asked a joint session of Congress to declare war on Germany. Though industrialization in the United States raised standards of living for many, it had a dark side. 285313. As Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, played a key role in upholding many reforms, tending to align with Oliver Wendell Holmes. Tarbell is best known for her 1904 book, The History of the Standard Oil Company. [282] By 1932, this group was moving toward support for Roosevelt's New Deal. Ralph Mills Sayre. [241], The Flexner Report of 1910, sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation, professionalized American medicine by discarding the scores of local small medical schools and focusing national funds, resources, and prestige on larger, professionalized medical schools associated with universities. [35] Victorianism was pushed aside by the rise of progressivism. Solty, Ingar. Multiple overlapping progressive movements fought perceived social, political and economic ills by advancing democracy, scientific methods, professionalism and efficiency; regulating businesses, protecting the natural environment, and improving working conditions in factories and living conditions of the urban poor. organizations that hoped to protect women and children from exploitation. The leaders of the Progressive Era worked on a range of overlapping issues that characterized the time, including labor rights, Economic reformers wanted to curb the excesses and inequalities of the Gilded Age. "[147], Legal historian Herbert Hovenkap argues that while many early Progressives inherited the racism of Jim Crow, as they began to innovate their own ideas, they would embrace behaviorism, cultural relativism, and marginalism, which stress environmental influences on humans rather than biological inheritance. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1958. The result, according to political scientist Henry Jones Ford, was that the United States Senate had become a "Diet of party lords, wielding their power without scruple or restraint, on behalf of those particular interests" that put them in office. Prior to that time, the Bill of Rights was considered to apply only to the federal government, not the states. Dewey Grantham, Southern Progressivism . Croly was one of the founders of modern liberalism in the United States, especially through his books, essays and a highly influential magazine founded in 1914, The New Republic. Campbell, Barbara Kuhn. [129], The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was an American women's rights organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Meat packing was done inadequately. Progressives also advocated for new government roles and regulations, and new agencies to carry out those roles, such as the FDA. [34] Additionally, the middle class (most notably women) began to move away from prior Victorian era domestic values. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 53 (4): 399425. This was done through antitrust laws to promote equal competition amongst every business. [151], Reformers also sought to streamline government through the introduction of the short ballot. How did the U.S. congress allow sterilization? He told Taft, "the disintegrated companies of both the oil and tobacco trust are spending many times what was formerly spent by anyone in advertising in the newspapers. ", Collin, Richard H. "Symbiosis versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Progressive Era Books - Goodreads [205], In 1903, the American reformers in the Philippines passed two major land acts designed to turn landless peasants into owners of their farms.