Who knew wild turkey's were so stupid!? Elevation was adjusted by a small wheel, and windage by drifting. $10,925.00. The .416 Rigby case is 2.90" long, only 0.05" longer than the .375 H&H Magnum case. As a result, the .416 Rem. I fired 2 shots at 25 yds. 5 receiver. The scope was set far enough forward that we thought it would be safe to fire this rather light rifle without fear of imbedding the scope into our skulls. The .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge is a redesign by Lapua of a prior designed by Research Armament Industries (RAI) and Brass Extrusion Labs Ltd. (BELL) known as the .338/416. The altered extractor went over the chambered round very reluctantly, and we didnt like doing it, so we concluded this was a two-shot bolt-action rifle. We also thought the gold-filled Browning engraving on the aluminum floorplate didnt match the rest of the rifle, and the owner assured us a matching-engraved steel floorplate will be installed as soon as he finds time. of energy. .416 Ruger - CHUCKHAWKS.COM Mag. The addition of the rim will make it more suitable for being chambered in double rifles such as the Rigby . Long Range 416 Rigby load. | Long Range Hunting Forum .416 Barrett | Military Wiki | Fandom Everything about the rifle was altered in some manner, except for the Browning-engraved, hinged aluminum floorplate. The Double Square Bridge model is available in .375 H&H or .416 Rigby calibres. That was the only other flaw we found on this rifle, the first being the small and hard recoil pad. Deals; Ammo By Type. We didnt entirely like the three-position safety, in that it was difficult to find it when it was fully on. Its easier to load down than the Rigby, and after a few full-power shots, youll want to do that. and effective range . 50 yards. Available in .375 H&H, .416 Rigby or .450 Rigby. Custom Browning .416 Rigby, about $3,000. The .416 Ruger uses the non-belted, sharp-shouldered, parallel-sided .375 Ruger cartridge case as its parent and fits into standard, .30-06-length bolt actions. You must log in or register to reply here. 416 rigby effective range - wirewellelectronics.co.uk 338 Lapua vs 308 Win Ammo Comparison - Long Range Shooting This worked well for me for a number of years. We already have the .416 Remington Magnum, .416 Rigby, .416 Weatherby Magnum, .416 Dakota, .416 Rimmed, 10.57mm (.416) Lazzeroni Meteor, .416 Hoffman and .416 Taylor. Rifle actions appropriate for this relatively compact .416 are shorter than those for the Rigby and Rem. The Taylor has to be loaded to much higher pressure than the Rigby to get anywhere near its ballistics. The cartridge was designed as an improvement to the .50 BMG cartridge, a common machine gun and rifle cartridge. 416 rigby effective range In other words, the .416 Ruger shines in a compact rifle. cases feature robust construction to withstand significantly higher pressures. Close menu Service/help. Pre-64 Winchester Model 70 .416 Taylor, $1,000 to $1,200. Keep pressure down and the Taylors cases will last indefinitely, the rifle will be more fun to shoot, and itll still have enough power for nearly any riflemans tasks. Mag. Now adding a muzzle brake creates an issue of noise. Mikey Hartman, Lt. Col. Look at trajectory chart. 416 rigby effective range. Rigbys own rifles in that caliber sell for well into five figures. The rifle is a Ruger No. . Regards Mike. . 416 rigby effective range - ekklesia.net 416 Rigby: Nolser Partition: 400: 5115: 2400: 416 Rigby: Hornady DGX: 400: 5115: 2400: 416 Rigby: Nosler Solid: 400: 5551: 2500: . The new .416 Ruger seems like an excellent cartridge. Rigbys cartridge turned out to be slightly rebated-rim case, 2.900" long, .589" in diameter at its base tapering to .540" at the shoulder with a bullet diameter of .416". 416 Ruger | The perfect 416 dangerous game cartridge? - Lynx Defense Grasping its bolt and shoving a cigar-sized cartridge up the spout only reinforces. cases. Big-game hunting was still popular among the privileged class, but those gorgeous examples of the gunmakers artdouble rifleswere terribly expensive. Custom Browning .416 RigbyOur recommendation: Although this was an extremely nice custom rifle that would likely sell for about $3,000, we felt the money that would have to be spent to duplicate it would buy a good Ruger, plus either a lot of ammunition or a down payment on a serious hunting trip to a place where the Rigbys power could be put to good use. Sign up for our Newsletter and get a 5% off Welcome code! Lovely!! Shooting 223 ammo through a firearm chambered in 5.56 is safe, but not always optimal. Need a .416 Bolt Action? We would have liked a central white line, which the next test rifle had. Virtually every firearm in his place was seized and kept for a lengthy time. 1 with a low power variable Nikon scope. Shot angles on dangerous game- particularly during adrenaline-pumping encounters while attempting to finish off a job poorly started- are often less than ideal, and unless the bullet has what it takes to penetrate many feet after shattering massive bones and encountering shockingly dense, thick muscle, it may not reach vitals. The bolt was just as slick as that of the .375, and we looked forward to rapid-firing the big rifle. Assuming equal penetration, the larger the projectile's frontal area, the more authoritatively it imparts shock. The Rigby name was always identified with the finest quality in firearms, and as the 19th century came to a close, firearm technology was skyrocketing. Mag. The first .416 Rigby rifles used the Magnum Mauser 98 Square Bridge No. Joseph Von Benedikt is with Rafe Nielsen of Browning to take a look at a new X-Bolt series rifle. Handloading it is straightforward, and like all dangerous-game rounds, prime with a hard CCI or Winchester primer; charge it with a medium burn rate propellant, such as Varget, IMR 4895, or Reloder 15; and top with the projectile of your choice. Paul Mauser did not invent the bolt-action rifle but rather he refined the design, allowing controlled round feeding, a stripper clip for fast loading, and a strong action with the ability to withstand high pressures generated by the new smokeless powders. However, the .416 Rigby does offer a greater insurance against polar bear, Alaskan brown bear, and useful for the hunting of American bison where allowed. Aside from custom gunsmiths, only Ruger builds rifles, and only Hornady manufactures ammunition. Otherwise youll get hit by the scope. We stayed well within prescribed limits and ended up with useful ammunition that gave very lengthy brass life. It was possible to put the safety on during rapid fire with the scope off the rifle. Between 1912 and the beginning of World War II, John Rigby & Co. produced 169 .416 Rigby rifles and 180 between 1939 and 1984. OConnor had a .416 made up on a Brevex Mauser receiver and took it to Africa. 416 Rigby Rifles For Sale - Hinterland Outfitters Today this is still the most popular rifle design and is used by Heym, Holland & Holland, Mauser, Rigby, Westley Richards, Winchester, and several other gunmakers. [4], Prior to the invention of cordite, rifles used gunpowder (black powder) as a propellant. .416 Rigby | Handloader Magazine Aerodynamics play little part in the design of such projectiles. From 1912 until World War II, Rigby turned out just 169 rifles on the Magnum Mauser receiver. At its essence, the .416 Ruger- although possibly the best engineered of all the .416s here- simply doesn't measure up to the .416 Rem. .375 Ruger & .416 Ruger Big Bore Cartridges - Shooting Times Its commercial success will depend on whether the world needs yet another .416 dangerous game cartridge. The cartridge is capable of producing over 5,400J (4,000ftlbf) of energy at a range of 100m (110yd). A resurgence of interest in the .416 Rigby rifle and cartridge came from Jack OConnor in the 1960s. In 1897, he negotiated an agreement with Mauser-Oberndorf to be the exclusive source for all Mauser-made rifles, barreled actions and parts in Great Britain; an arrangement that extended into the first 40 years of the 20th century. Modern .416 Rigby factory ammo by Barnes, Federal, Hornady, HSM, Norma, Nosler, Swift, and Winchester all push a 400-grain bullet at or slightly in excess of 2,400 fps. [4] The performance of these cartridges on game matched the performance of the big-bore Nitro Express cartridges. By the time they were returned, the firearms were virtually worthless, most having been disassembled and cannibalized for parts. One of our shooters experiences with several CZ Brno rifles in the past indicates they are a sound rifle in need of a bit of massaging inside the stock and on the trigger, and we have no doubt the new rifles are very similar. packs more muzzle energy (roughly 5,200 ft-lbs versus approximately 5,100 ft-lbs), retains as much energy at 100 yards (about 4,000 ft-lbs) as the .458 Win. It could have been larger, or higher, we thought. Why buffalo hunter Graham Williams depends on his .416 Rigby Rated 4.85 out of 5. The case capacity of the .416 Remington Magnum is about 82% to that of the .416 Rigby. The owner told us he had wanted an original Rigby, but didnt want to spend the necessary money to get one. One version of this smokeless powder, cordite, allowed higher pressures to be developed, thereby increasing the velocity and performance of rifle cartridges. Norma Solid .416 Rigby 400gr | Norma .416 Barrett - Wikipedia Drawbacks? Lighter and tougher and more precise than ever, it's the perfect back country hunting rifle. .416 Rigby & Hornady Manufacturing Company | Reloading Data wipartimer AH enthusiast Joined Dec 12, 2014 Messages 296 Reaction score 711 Location Dallas Deals & offers 1 Media 42 JavaScript is disabled. In that guise it excels. The .416s | Sports Afield [citation needed], With renewed interest in dangerous-game hunting in Africa, the demand for big-game cartridges increased. Very popular, highly favored and extremely effective big game hunting rounds, 416 Rigby's were designed in 1911 by John Rigby & Company in England, and were named for the diameter of the caliber (the first in this size). Nor do they offer extreme versatility like the somewhat-flat-shooting .375s. Well let you know more when we get our hands on one of the new 550 Magnums. of energy and have a maximum-point-blank range of 198 yards. The bolt had a protrusion on its side that aided smoothness. Proponents point out factory ammo achieves performance on the same level as the two older cartridges but in a smaller package. The rifle design would go on to become the most common and successful rifle design in the history of firearms. to make sure the shots were at least on paper. Enthusiasts pay for that performance level in the form of sharp and vicious recoil. The development of smokeless powder revolutionized the rifle. At first glance, a brawny, classic African express rifle emanates an aura of power and old-time African adventure. This is a dangerous game gun, so you should be that close or closer. It would be, we thought, an excellent choice for a one-rifle African safari, or to take against the biggest game anywhere in the world. greatly depends on what you will be using the rifle for. Customer experience was, and still is, the primary focus, a key to the firms longevity and success. They do offer one undeniably appealing virtue: legitimate hunt-anything authority at a level of recoil that most hunters can master. However, Hornady recommends Reloder 15, which is extremely consistent and accurate in the .416 Ruger and provides near-top velocities. Besides the recoil, cartridges are more than $5 per round. During World War II most Axis and Allied nations, with the exception of the Americans (M1 Garand), British (LeeEnfield), and the Russians (MosinNagant) used rifles based on the Mauser 98 action. John Hunter provided a testimonial to John Rigby & Company stating "You will be pleased to know that the rifle which accounted for all the rogue lions on my last hunting expedition was the .416 Bore Magazine Rifle you supplied me with. I'm positive those with actual experience will chime in and correct me soon though. The .416 Ruger uses a 400-grain bullet which has a muzzle velocity of 2400 feet per second and 5,116-foot lbs of force. with 4,500 ft.-lbs. We thought it should have been heavier for general use, but the owner liked it as it was. As the Magnum Mauser 98 action became scarcer after World War II, .416 Rigby rifles were built on Enfield P-17 and the BRNO actions. .416 Ruger Last year I had the opportunity to travel to Mozambique and hunt Cape buffalo with Zambeze Delta Safaris. Best of all, performance doesn't suffer. It is an alternative to the .50 BMG in long-range high-power rifles. Rizzini USA 7001-416 Rhino Express 416 Rigby 23 in Coin Anodized Silver Oiled Turkish Walnut Double Gun Stock Pistol Grip Ambidextrous Hand. A beautiful rust blued rifle in the original stock, refinished with a matt lacquer. .416 Rigby for Brown Bear - Petersen's Hunting Even though the Rem. I have a 416 Rigby and I've just in the last few days received my RCBS ($49.00) dies, 100 pieces of brass (Norma) and some bullets. We guessed we wouldnt like lengthy shooting sessions, but were eager to try it out. Or because it works, handloaders can opt- as I often do- to build lower-velocity .416 Rem. The .375, on the other hand, can be commonly found with 250- and 300-grain bullets, and some manufacturers also produce 260- and 270-grain loads. This cartridge lineup includes: (1) . Bob my friend from Sydney went to Safari firearms yesterday to pick up some stuff & looked at the Marlin 35 REM for me, they want $1900 for it with a tasco scope, & $1600 with out scope i think its a $900 rifle at the most thank you for the lead but i will not pay that much. 6.8 Western Ammo Options: The Load of Long Yardage, 5 Best Long-Range Hunting Bullets Available Right Now, .300 PRC vs. .300 Win Mag: Rifle Cartridge Comparison Review, Ruger MAX-9 9mm Micro-Sized High-Capacity Pistol: Review, Franchi Momentum Elite Bolt-Action Rifle in Varmint Configurations, A World Record Attempt: Practice Round and Media Day, Interview with Israeli Defense Forces, Part 1. The Kynoch brand name was licensed by Eley to Kynamco, a British ammunition manufacturer, based in Suffolk, England, which continues to manufacture .416 Rigby ammunition under the Kynoch brand name.[5]. While the Colt Model 601 was the first AR-15 to be mass-produced, there were several design variations that came before during the platform's development. | really doesn't have any. The oldest of the .416s is the .416 Rigby, introduced in 1911 by John Rigby & Co. With the scope removed, the rifle weighed 8.2 pounds. However, two shots will get most jobs done, and we though this concept was better than a single shot. Due to the volume of the case, the .416 Rigby case has gone on to act as a parent cartridge to several modern cartridges and provide the inspiration to many others. If youve got a good .416, you probably dont need any bigger rifle, and will have precious little need for a .375. The cartridge was designed to fire a 31g (480gr) bullet at 725m/s (2,378ft/s). As a Parent Cartridge of thump. Mag. Other options in the $1200-$1700 range are welcome. Payment / Access Right of Recission Help . ! He removed lots of metal from the action under the rails, but left everything above them essentially alone. Corditea double-based smokeless propellant that looks similar to spaghettiwas patented in Britain in 1889. We loaded 350- and 400-grain bullets, using Speer 350-grain flat points and Hornadys 400-grain soft-noses. Reloading Data Rangemaster; . Mag. IMHO a .450/.416 even at a chronographed 400gr at 2,250fps from a 24" barrel would have been a better choice. Wed have liked a skeleton steel grip cap, but thats getting picky. Different bullet weights offer versatility. Mag. Candidly, if you feel the need to shoot 400-grain 0.416-inch projectiles faster than 2,450 fps, you are better off with the .416 Weatherby. .416 Taylor - Revivaler 416 Rigby - Cheap Ammo Store The .416 Rigby, left, is shown next to a .375 Holland & Holland cartridge. Too, while the magazine rifle was popular because of its costabout half that of a double rifle at that timeand lighter weight, Rigby still continued to crank out double rifles for those who wanted the best and could afford it. Popular Hunting Calibers: The 416 Rigby - Peregrine Monolithics Thin strands burned at a faster rate, while thicker strands had a slower rate of deflagration. So which of the three is best? In a good double rifle, the .450 Nitro makes a great choice for elephant, hippo and buffalo, effectively taking all three for well over a century. The rifle can be built on most magnum actions, if you want to go to the time and trouble of getting the action, chamber, and barrel together. There was no forend tip or pistol grip cap. I also solved the problem by buying one of each. Norma Brass 416 Rigby | Norma This is one for Africa, or for down-loaded handloading for lots of shooting fun. After over two decades since the introduction of their last cartridge, John Rigby and Co. have revealed a new hunting cartridge - the .416 Rigby No. .338 Lapua vs .308: A Long Range Shooting Showdown. Browse a wide range of 416 Rigby products - Shop online with FREE shipping! Prior to the ban on hunting in India, the .416 Rigby was successfully used to hunt dangerous game there which included the Bengal tiger, Indian rhino, and elephant. The .416 Rigby would go on to become one of the most successful dangerous game cartridges designed for a magazine rifle. "The .416 Rigby: Just Enough", Learn how and when to remove this template message, .416 Rigby data from Federal Premium Ammunition, "The .416 Rigby: A Classic African Big Game Hunting Cartridge", "An Official Journal Of The NRA | The .416 Rigby: History and Performance", "The 416 Rigby, A Big Game and Dangerous Game Cartridge "par excellence", John Rigby & Co. (Gunmakers) Ltd. London, England, John Rigby (Gunmakers) Ltd. London, England, TDCCs (cartridge dimension and specs tables), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.416_Rigby&oldid=1117949555, Articles needing additional references from January 2013, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 400gr (26g) Trophy Bonded Sledgehammer Solid, Test barrel length: 610 millimetres (24in), This page was last edited on 24 October 2022, at 11:39. I would like to purchase these. The .450 Dakota fires a 32g (500gr) bullet at 780m/s (2,550ft/s). Dont Buy It. Today, in an echo of halcyon days before the Great War, we have resumed this arrangement with Mauser for our new range of Big Game rifles, making aspirational but affordable rifles for use around the world. The Taylor gets about 75 fps less, with maximum loads, and its sectional density is better. with 5,010 ft.-lbs. If you want a custom Rigby, there are better actions than the 98 Mauser around which to build it, even though John Rigby & Co. did just that when Magnum Mauser actions were unavailable right after WWII. The Mauser 98 action provided the consumers and gun makers an inexpensive alternative to the double- and single-shot rifles which until that time predominated the dangerous-game hunting scene. Federal, Hornady and Norma tooled up and began producing .416 Rigby ammunition. The Ruger did nearly everything we wanted as well as this gun for half the money. We thought the excellent accuracy, fine workmanship, strong-grained wood, balance, outstanding iron sights, smooth operation, and reliability far outweighed the need for trigger massaging and a softer recoil pad. Mag. This treatment requires a fraction of the effort and cost of rust bluing. At 100 yards this round has an incredible velocity of 1902 feet per second and nearly 3,212-foot lbs on target. There were no sling-swivel studs fitted to the rifle. Those numbers are just astonishing. The first was the development of cordite in the UK in 1889 and second the development of the Magnum Mauser 98 action based on the Gewehr 98 bolt-action magazine rifle which was designed in Germany. And in some minds, it is the most practical. Hence the question. The rifles, as built by John Rigby & Co., were initially made up on the Magnum Mauser 98 action (a derivative of the Gewehr 98 bolt-action rifle), although in later years, some were made on standard length actions, a perfect example being the rifle used by legendary professional hunter Harry Selby. We could find absolutely nothing wrong with the Dakota. When designed in 1911, the .416 Rigby was intended for use against dangerous game in Africa and India. The forend was checkered completely around in an English-style point pattern, and the pistol grip had a large panel of checkering on each side. .416 Rigby | Vietnam War | Fandom ghirardelli brownie mix recipes with cream cheese; carpet installation tools home depot; 416 rigby effective range The cartridge also is relatively versatile with lighter bullets. Such a huge case could only be contained in a Magnum Mauser No. 416 Rigby - CZ 550 vs Ruger M77 vs ??? - 24hourcampfire Jeffery & Co, and Westley Richards designed cartridges which could operate in the Magnum Mauser 98 action and could offer big-bore nitro express ballistics and performance in a magazine rifle which was what the British called their bolt-action rifles. ziegenfelder popsicles; best college marching bands in north carolina; halimbawa ng positibo at negatibong pahayag. The energy generated by the cartridge was on par with that of .450 Nitro Express which, until the ban on the 11.6mm (0.458in) caliber in India and the Sudan in the early 1900s, had been the standard of measure for dangerous game rifles. The .510 Whisper is a subsonic rifle cartridge developed by SSK Industries for use in suppressed rifles, with the noise similar to that of a .22 Short. The .416 Rigby was intended for use in Africa and India. I was looking for the Barnes high BC bullets but not having much luck I'm gonna stick a 3.5 x 10 Leupold Long Range (M3 or M1) on it and load up some bullets. The well-figured dark walnut stock was given a stand-off cheekpiece, and finished in oil. Best-In-Class .416 Dangerous-Game Cartridges - Shooting Times FIREARMS. It proved to be too much for him to continue. In African nations which have enforced a ban on the use of sub .400 caliber (10 mm) rifle cartridge for dangerous game, the .416 Rigby is one of the first cartridges which can be considered for the hunting of lion or leopard. New Shooters Guide: What Is a Pistol Caliber Carbine? Any rifle that can be chambered for the .458 Winchester will prove to be ideal for rebarreling to .416 Taylor. I will be using 400 Gr. CZ-550 Safari Magnum .416 Rigby Rifle - YouTube Heres what we found: Ruger Mark II Magnum .416 RigbyOur recommendation: We gave the classic-looking $1,550 Ruger a very strong Buy It rating. It's sleeker and fits in standard magnum actions, such as the Remington 700, Winchester Model 70, and Kimber 8400. is 325.00MPa (47,137psi) for this cartridge. A .416 will not smash your shoulder to atoms, but when going to the range and shooting .40s, it is a good idea to put your wristwatch in your pocket, should you be desirous of keeping it in good working order. "416 Rigby Elephant Rifle Explodes onto the Little Screen - YouTube Ammunition, reloading components, rifles, and rifle parts are all readily available. The 10 Best Dangerous Game Cartridges - Gun Digest The .416 Rigby's dimensions and specifications are governed by C.I.P. "A buffalo could probably be taken with a well placed frozen herring but, the question is: "What's the point"?" Our Oehler 35P chronograph told us we were pushing the 350-grainers out at about 2,350 fps with our load, and the 400-grainers came out at 2,200 fps, giving us just about the power of the .404 Jeffery, though we could have loaded both loads hotter. The most probable quarry would be Cape Buffalo. All things considered, the .416 Rigby has only one real drawback. We tried to get it to drop by banging the bolt closed, but it held. Performance on buffalos, elephants, hippos, and the really big northern bears often comes down to penetration. It was easy to remove the scope via two levers. [6] Both the Enfield P-17 and the BRNO actions are in turn based on the Magnum Mauser 98 rifle. Head to the range this week with American Rifleman staff as they discuss a trim little repeater from Savage Arms that comes chambered for the .22 WMR cartridge. Pre-64 Winchester Model 70 .416 TaylorOur recommendation: Our test rifles costly action, Marquart barrel, stock work, special bedding and sights would run the value up to about $1,000 to $1,200, depending on sources, but you can beat that a lot if you rebarrel a less expensive rifle chambered for any short-belted case, like a .458, .338, or even a 7mm Mag. 416 Rigby at long range? | Ruger Forum Neither the Taylor nor the Browning/Rigby were free-floated. Initial designs for the 338 Lapua Mag utilized the 416 Rigby as a parent case, simply necking it down to accept a 250 grain Hornady A-MAX bullet. Buy It. Prior to India's independence in 1947 the .416 had success against India's dangerous game which included the Bengal tiger. One of our handloads was mild, and an inexperienced shooter fired two rounds with it. Naysayers point out the dearth of available rifles and- worse- factory-loaded ammunition. That of the .375 Ruger had been perfect. I'm leaving it out because it's properly in a different performance category. Want even more speed? This load is perfect for North American and African plains applications. The foresight was a rather large replaceable bead on a ramp having an integral band that encircled the muzzle, ensuring that the foresight would stay there. When it comes to dangerous game, more is better. The .450 Rigby was designed by Paul Roberts of John Rigby & Company. Like on the .375, it was possible to wipe it on with the hand while working the bolt quickly, but that didnt happen. Compare that to the .458 Winchester Magnum with a 500-grain bullet at 2,050 f.p.s. and 4,100 ft.-lbs. 5 action was easily adapted for use with the .416 Rigby cartridge. The performance of these cartridges was due to the sectional density (greater than 7.6 millimetres [0.300in]) and higher velocity (~700m/s[2,300ft/s]). Email Signup. Mag. Yup the 416 Rigby brass case will last a long time thankfully but do have to use care with those shoulders for sure, especially if crimp much but during tight seating too, will get bevel base bullets for target loads myself, for convenience plus no problem these days with lower velocity for elk. Plus, even though it burns considerably more gunpowder to achieve the same velocity as its more modern siblings- and theoretically generates more foot-pounds of recoil on paper- low pressures make for a long, rolling recoil impulse that is almost comfortable. 7 Day Trophy Elephant Hunt US$15,000 All Inclusive. John Rigby wasnt sitting on the sidelines. The .416 Rigby would be considered overpowered for North American game species. or .375 H&H, but thats normal. This new .416 caliber cartridge is basically the rimmed version of the .416 Rigby. The combination isn't great for long range shots, but will knock down anything inside spitting distance. More importantly, 8mm Rem. lb Muzzle Velocity ft/sec.
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