D) bind to receptors within the cell. Having too much of the hormone can cause a condition known as hypercalcaemia, which increases blood calcium levels. A) glucagon; insulin The calcitonin receptor/CT-R is a seven transmembrane domain cell surface protein which is coupled to G protein messenger systems. B) cardiovascular Calcitonin | Definition, Production, & Function | Britannica E) angiotensin. E) bile. B) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. Prognosis of MTC depends on early detection and treatment. C) loss of melatonin secretion trouble sleeping. The regulation of many downstream targets of TRPV1 plays a critical role in this process, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Only the free fraction has hormonal activity. WebThe treatment of cortical neurons with CGRP promoted the formation of primary dendrites of non-GABAergic neurons. When bone is E) peripheral cells break down glycogen. Proper growth requires which of these hormones? Both increased calcitonin secretion and increased calcitonin activity are relatively short-lived, lasting only a few days. A) TSH. E) oxytocin. B) goiter. WebIn Patients With CKDat Risk of Progression, With or Without T2D. The ________ pituitary produces and releases its own hormones, while the __________ pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the ___________. Elevated CGRP levels in spinal cord promote neuron-glia communication in ganglion. However, PTH seems to have a more important role in regulating your blood calcium levels than calcitonin. A) thyroid glands; calcitonin Both parathyroid hormone and calcitonin help regulate the level of calcium in your blood, which is necessary for several important bodily functions. D) thyroid hormone. A) parathyroid hormone. There is a relationship between the subcutaneous dose of calcitonin and peak plasma concentrations. A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is It does this by inhibiting the activity of the osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone. Calcitonin levels may also be increased in association with lung cancer and certain tumours of the pancreas, namely insulinoma (an insulin-secreting tumour) and VIPoma (a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-secreting tumour). Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. This is why many doctors will test T4 levels along with the more common T3 levels when testing for thyroid disorders. Having a higher-than-normal level of calcitonin doesnt seem to negatively affect your body or cause symptoms. Always reference the labs normal range on your blood test report. Calcitonin assay is used in identifying patients with nodular thyroid diseases. Steroid hormones C) insulin c) The If you have blood work done that indicates high or low calcitonin levels, you may wish to talk to your doctor about the problem to determine if there is an underlying cause or issue with your thyroid. [18] It was initially thought to be secreted by the parathyroid gland but was shown by Iain Macintyre and his team at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, to be secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone is responsible for stimulating the enzyme that transforms vitamin D your skin makes from sun exposure into calcitriol. B) pancreas. WebThe primary effect of calcitonin is to _______. If your body releases too much thyroxine, you will suffer a condition called thyrotoxicosis. B) two B) respond Primary C) kidneys. D) contains pinealocytes. C) blood-glucose concentration D) ADH Hypothyroidism tends to run in families and more common in adults, as well as women. D) FSH. E) increases the level of glucose in the blood. A) LH. Subcutaneous injections of calcitonin in patients with mania resulted in significant decreases in irritability, euphoria and hyperactivity and hence calcitonin holds promise for treating bipolar disorder. D) protein synthesis decreases. 1. C) blood glucose levels fall drastically. It is also a short-lived effect because the kidneys become resistant to calcitonin, as demonstrated by the kidney's unaffected excretion of calcium in patients with thyroid tumors that secrete excessive calcitonin. D) is glucose sparing. Omissions? E) decreased rate of respiration. A) is a component of the epithalamus. Calcitonin had no effect on the initial dendrite formation. C) calcitonin. Consider asking your healthcare provider: What test should I have to check my thyroid function? Suckling is an important stimulus for release of _______ for the ________ pituitary. C) excessive secretion of glucagon E) aldosterone. D) decrease of blood glucose B) cretinism. Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized by the _______. D) a sharp increase in motivation and energy. E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. D) low blood glucose [37] Alternative splicing of the gene coding for calcitonin produces a distantly related peptide of 37 amino acids, called calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), beta type. D) parathyroid hormone. A) alpha cells A) somatotropin. Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins. In humans, the calcitonin protein is made up of 32 amino acids. C) insulin 15.8C: Action of Thyroid Hormones - Medicine LibreTexts B) norepinephrine. In the kidneys the hormone stops the release of calcium through the urine, while also increasing vitamin D production. C) FSH. B) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is What could have caused my thyroid to stop functioning properly? D) carries ADH and oxytocin. E) TSH. The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces Hyperthyroidism can also occur when supplements with T3 are ingested. Steroids include the following EXCEPT: 9. People who have had their thyroid gland removed and have undetectable levels of calcitonin have no negative signs or symptoms related to blood calcium levels. A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except Illustrate how body cavities distinguish branches of development of animals with bilateral symmetry. [29], Calcitonin can be used therapeutically for the treatment of hypercalcemia or osteoporosis. E) All of the answers are correct. Thyrotoxicosis is commonly caused by hyperthyroidism, tumors in the thyroid gland, or thyroid inflammation. This cancer, which starts in the C-cells, can be connected to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a. Hormones control many different bodily processes, including: Metabolism. C) exhaustion Therefore, the metabolic clearance is much lower in patients with end-stage kidney failure than in healthy subjects. C) suprarenal glands. C) ADH. C) inhibin. The volume of a 16-g sample of oxygen is 11.2L11.2 \mathrm{~L}11.2L at 273K273 \mathrm{~K}273K and 1.00atm1.00 \mathrm{~atm}1.00atm. When adenyl cyclase is activated, Thyroxine plays a crucial role in heart and digestive function, metabolism, brain development, bone health, and muscle control. Also, calcitonin inhibits food intake in rats and monkeys, and may have CNS action involving the regulation of feeding and appetite. The primary effect of calcitonin is to E) Cushing disease. Calcitonin works to control calcium and potassium levels. It does this by inhibiting the activity of the osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone. When the osteoclasts break down bone tissue, the calcium enters the bloodstream. By preventing the breakdown of bone, calcitonin lessens the amount of calcium in the blood. Calcitonin is a hormone that your thyroid gland makes and releases to help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it. C) hyperparathyroidism. calcitonin, also called thyrocalcitonin, a protein hormone synthesized and secreted in humans and other mammals primarily by parafollicular cells (C cells) in the thyroid gland. The hormone oxytocin C) thyroid hormone. \text { catheter ablation } & \text { endarterectomy } & \text { sclerotherapy } & \text { valvotomy } Skip to topic navigation. Calcitonin Specifically, if your levels are high, consider asking why or requesting further testing to rule out cancer. Symptoms may include tiredness, mental depression, feeling cold, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and menstrual irregularities. Calcitonin is a hormone that the C-cells in the thyroid gland produce and release. Chronic pain conditions have a high socio-economic impact and represent a burden for patients, and their management is a challenge for healthcare professionals. Calcitonin decreases calcium levels by blocking the breakdown of bone calcium and by preventing your kidneys from reabsorbing calcium. It does this in two main ways: Your thyroid releases calcitonin based on the level of calcium in your blood. [38], The following are the amino acid sequences of salmon and human calcitonin:[citation needed][39], Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Pro, Cys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro. Chapter 18.1 Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet E) delay urination. A) promotes bone growth. The normal level of plasma calcium is 9 - 11 mg/dL.About 99% calcium is It may be given by injection: under Sometimes high calcitonin levels can point to a rare type of medullary thyroid cancer. Thyrotoxicosis can also cause menstrual irregularities, an increase in bowel movements, weight loss, heat intolerance, fatigue, and irritability. D) aldosterone. C) thymosin D) increase blood calcium. D) GH. Chronic pain conditions have a high socio-economic impact and represent a burden for patients, and their management is a challenge for healthcare professionals. A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is E) GH. B) osteoclasts A) somatotropin. Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the E) blood. D) diabetes insipidus. Animal studies have shown that calcitonin is primarily metabolised via proteolysis in the kidney following parenteral administration. The kidneys secrete Since abnormal calcitonin levels dont cause symptoms in and of themselves, providers typically only order a calcitonin blood test for the following reasons: Normal ranges for calcitonin levels can vary from lab to lab. C) FSH. The action of calcitonin is therefore to cause a reduction in serum calcium, an effect opposite to that of parathyroid hormone. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). C) pancreatic hormones B) calcitonin. C) blood level of a hormone E) glucagon. WebGlucagon. B) MSH. The primary stimulus for release of cortisol and corticosterone is Local hormones that act on neighboring cells are called _________. Having too little thyroxine or too much thyroxine can cause health problems. E) melatonin. C) insulin. D) epinephrine. Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release A) endocrine E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys. A) catecholamines D) STH. C) ACTH. Short on time? B) mineralocorticoids WebCalcitonin is used as a short-term treatment (for 24 weeks) to help prevent bone loss if you're immobilised following an osteoporotic fracture. A) quantities of enzymes. A cell can respond to a hormone only if it posses receptors for that hormone. WebWe evaluated the effect of calcitonin on bone metabolism and mineral density in 25 women with primary biliary cirrhosis and severe osteopenia. B) ACTH Higher blood levels may be associated with increased incidence of nausea, vomiting, and secretory diarrhea. A) testosterone. [citation needed]. It also lowers the concentration of phosphorus in the blood when levels exceed normal. There doesnt seem to be any effect on your body as a result of having too little calcitonin. Intranasal dosage (calcitonin-salmon nasal spray 200 International Units/spray) Adult Postmenopausal Females C) cortisol. B) glucagon. Raising or lowering your body temperature. Once in the bloodstream, thyroxine travels to the organs, like the liver and kidneys, where it is converted to its active form of triiodothyronine. \text { CABG } & \text { Doppler } & \text { nitrates } & \text { stress test } \\ D) cortisol. B) resistance Ch 6 Communication, Integration, and Homeosta, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Elaine N. Marieb, Lori A. Smith, Susan J. Mitchell. D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine B) increased heart rate The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is E) parathormone. In many ways, calcitonin counteracts parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D. This antibody recognises an epitope within the cytoplasmic domain that is common to both C1a and C1b rat isoforms. Endocrine Society is a global community of physicians and scientists dedicated to accelerating scientific breakthroughs and improving patient health and well being. For people assigned female at birth: 0 to 5.1 pg/mL. C) potassium Calcitonin is formed by the proteolytic cleavage of a larger prepropeptide, which is the product of the CALC1 gene (CALCA). A) thyroid gland. A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is Our physician referral directory is comprised of over 6,500 members of the Society. WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) activities of enzymes. E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed. B) adipocytes. C) cortisol. The hypophyseal portal system gonorhea \quad gonorrhea \quad gonnorhea \quad gonorhea \quad gonorheea. Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization. A) testosterone. Therefore, the temporary blocking of osteoclasts by calcitonin reduces the amount of calcium that enters your blood. Kidney: A) much insulin. 2023 Copyright Endocrine Society. 5, Ch. C) myxedema. The reduction was both time and concentration dependent. 4) When a steroid hormone binds to its target cell receptor, it: 5) The compound that most often acts as a second messenger is: 6) The specific effect of a water soluble hormone on a target cell depends on the: 7) When a hormone that uses a second messenger binds to a target cell, the next thing that happens is that: 8. In general, the normal ranges for calcitonin include: If you need to get a calcitonin level test, your healthcare provider will interpret your results and let you know if you need to get further testing. The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. Your healthcare provider can check your calcitonin levels through a blood test. E) 70-90 mg/dl. This does not cause obvious symptoms in mild cases, but if levels rise too high, it can cause digestive upset, constipation, depression, lethargy, weakness, joint pain, and excessive thirst. Its importance in humans has not been as well established as its importance in other animals, as its function is usually not significant in the regulation of normal calcium homeostasis. B) ACTH. C) adenyl cyclase. D) growth hormone The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that Cyclic B) steroids. B) chlorine. that they The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is Conventional long-term toxicity, reproduction, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity studies have been performed in laboratory animals. Calcitonin | You and Your Hormones from the Society for A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is Automatically remove your image background. A) antidiuretic hormone. D) hepatic In the blood, T4 and T3 are partially bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin, and albumin. E) GH. C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. This complexation is weak, noncovalent and reversible and the drug remains chemically unmodified. If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? B) pancreatic C) mobilization of energy reserves. Hormones work slowly, over time, and affect many different The interstital cells of the testes are an important target for ________. C) aldosterone. C) somatotropin. FITC Anti-IL-6R antibody [B-R6] (ab27321) View more associated products. If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting Action of Thyroid Hormones in Blood. E) erythropoietin. C) increase urine output to remove excess fluid After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, Calcitonin In contrast, the treatment with amylin and adrenomedullin for 3days inhibited the dendritic elongation of non-GABAergic neurons. A) 3 A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. E) hepatic, A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s). While they know what it does, they dont understand why we have it because irregular calcitonin levels cause few or no symptoms. The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is C) LH. WebCalcitonin is secreted in response to hypercalcemia and also to a calcium-rich meal. C) synthesis of enzymes. B) FSH. E) melatonin. D) glucagon CH 18 PR Flashcards | Quizlet Predict the volume of the sample at 409K409 \mathrm{~K}409K. Generalize the effect that topography has on soil formation. WebThis blood test measures the level of calcitonin in your blood. E) glucocorticoids. B) 5 A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. A) thyroglobulins The posterior pituitary gland secretes Calcitonin | Definition, Production, & Function | Britannica C) TSH. C) cAMP is broken down. The primary target(s) of insulin is/are Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the A) exposure to light inhibits production E) insulin. When blood glucose levels rise, A) insulin is released. An increase in blood glucose and an anti-inflammatory effect are important effects of _________. MATCH: Synthesizes mineralocorticoids, 61. The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is In addition to the injectable and nasal spray dosage forms of the salmon calcitonin, noninvasive oral formulations of the peptide are currently under clinical development. A) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin. Helping your blood clot if youre bleeding. B) cardiovascular D) much androgen production. C) inhibits releases of GnRH In adults, thyroxine deficiency will lower the metabolic rate, causing weight gain, memory problems, infertility, fatigue, and muscle stiffness. D) a G protein. B) parathyroid hormone B) cAMP is formed. Calcitonin secretion increases during hypercalcemia, but the effects of calcitonin on E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine. Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture Low blood calcium The stimulus for release of parathyroid hormone is _________. B) exposure to light stimulates production Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at the same time. A) parasympathetic nervous system E) GH. D) thyroxine C) glucocorticoids. B) corticosteroids. However, since bone resorption and bone formation are coupled processes, eventually calcitonin's inhibition of osteoclastic activity leads to increased osteoblastic activity (as an indirect effect). The hormone plays a role in regulating blood calcium levels, helping the body maintain adequate calcium stores in the bloodstream to protect bone health. D) calcitriol E) somatotropin. HELP PRESERVE kidney function* and PROTECT against ESKD, CV death, and hospitalization for heart failure with FARXIGA. D) glucocorticoids. It may even be used on biopsy samples from suspicious lesions (e.g., lymph nodes that are swollen) to establish whether they are metastases of the original cancer. Calcitonin D) suprarenal medulla. Some side effects may occur that Synthetic analogues of calcitonin are of particular interest in the treatment of osteoporosis, a disease characterized by the thinning of bones that arises from increased bone resorption or decreased bone formation. C) peripheral cells take up less glucose. Calcitonin is a bit of a mysterious hormone. Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors? Medullary thyroid cancer, typically produces an elevated serum calcitonin level. Cleveland Clinic Calcium is an important mineral mainly found in bone and teeth. The only hormone that promotes anabolism of glycogen, fats, and proteins is __________. Calcitonin Hypoglycemia stimulates increased secretion of insulin. E) norepinephrine. These categories include When your blood calcium levels increase, your thyroid releases calcitonin in higher quantities. Melatonin is produced by the D) increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption D) aldosterone E) All of the answers are correct. The normal level of plasma calcium is 9 - 11 mg/dL.About 99% calcium is Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone that your parathyroid glands make and release to control the level of calcium in your blood by increasing it. D) corticotropin. WebNCI's Dictionary of Cancer Terms provides easy-to-understand definitions for words and phrases related to cancer and medicine. Which one? The stimulus for release of parathyroid hormone is _________. D) in some disease processes. National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Calcitonin, the forgotten hormone: does it deserve to be forgotten. 784.). D) cortisol. The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. (People who have had their thyroid removed do, however, usually need to take a life-long synthetic form of thyroid hormone the main hormone your thyroid releases.). C) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation In other words, it encourages calcium loss through your kidneys. E) somatotropin. D) increased urine release. A) inhibition What are the dangers of improper calcium levels. This effect is opposite to that of parathyroid hormone. The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is A) alarm C) zona reticularis. The intranasal salmon calcitonin is superior to conventional drugs in reducing blood calcium, increasing creatinine ratio, and alkaline phosphatase, but its advantages in other indicators such as improving the bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar vertebrae and hip have not been confirmed, and it is not clear that the combination of intranasal D) gonadotropic [33] However no further work on this potential application of calcitonin has been reported. This may be due to autoimmune conditions, such as Hashimotos thyroiditis or certain medications. D) parathyroid hormone. A) elevated blood pressure. Identify the incorrect step. Although it gets less attention than thyroid hormones, the parathyroid hormone is still important in the body. B) LH. A) insulin is released. A) TSH. MATCH: Secretes pancreatic polypeptide. Glucocorticoids have the following effects: 44) The primary source of estrogens after menopause is the: 45) The interstitial cells of the testes are an important target for: 46) The role of somatostatin from the pancreas is to: 47) An increase in glycogenolysis by the liver is an important effect of: 48) The primary stimulus for the release of insulin is: 55. Phosphodiesterase enzyme inactivates the following: Insulinlike growth factors are necessary for the full effect of, A hormone that influences an endocrine gland other than its source is called a(n), Hypoglycemia is a stimulus for release of, Suckling is an important stimulus for release of, Hormones from the posterior pituitary are released in response to, Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate secretion of, ADH from the hypothalamus in response to high osmotic pressure, Increasing the uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland and increasing the growth of the thyroid gland are two functions of, Increasing synthesis of the enzymes that run the active transport pumpNa+/K1 ATPase is the major effect of, Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized by the, Promotion of the formation of calcitriol is a major effect of. Cells of the suprarenal cortex produce A) endocrine C) somatostatin. E) tropic hormones from the pituitary gland, The currently recognized normal range of blood-glucose is: C) thymosin. B) epinephrine Calcitonin effects on shoulder adhesive capsulitis unusual weight gain or loss. Weba) The endocrine system produces immediate, short-lasting effects. A) cortisol D) cyclic AMP Historically calcitonin has also been called thyrocalcitonin. angioplastybiopsyCABGcardiacenzymestudiescatheterablationcommissurotomydiureticsDopplerechocardiographyendarterectomyHoltermonitortestICDinsertionnitratesPTCAsclerotherapystatinsstentplacementstresstestthrombolysisvalvotomy, treatment of a varicose vein using a chemical irritant ________, Local hormones that act on neighboring cells, A chemical grouping of hormones derived from arachidonic acid is the. B) glucocorticoids. C) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. Calcitonin is a unique hormone, because its importance is not well known. C) the level of fatty acids in the blood. C) mineralocorticoids A) testosterone. D) muscular Calcitonin plays a significant role in treating complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and other painful conditions including rheumatoid arthritis fracture, spinal metastasis, and bone tumors [ 8, 9 ]. D) hypoparathyroidism. Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to D) catecholamines. C) cortisol Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the D) levels of growth hormone decrease. [12] leading to marked hypocalcemia. D) increased body temperature B) ADH. Primary 17. Each of the following is true of the pineal gland, except that it E) All of the answers are correct. C) testosterone. D) cell becomes inactive. Cutoffs for calcitonin to distinguish cases with medullary thyroid cancer have been suggested to be as follows, with a higher value increasing the suspicion of medullary thyroid cancer:[34], When over 3 years of age, adult cutoffs may be used, A Cochrane systematic review assessed the diagnostic accuracy of basal and stimulated calcitonin for Medullary Thyroid cancer. C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone Following parenteral administration of 100 IU calcitonin, peak plasma concentration lies between about 200 and 400 pg/ml. E) increased water retention. B) rickets. WebThe treatment of cortical neurons with CGRP promoted the formation of primary dendrites of non-GABAergic neurons. E) promotes amino acid uptake by cells. D) FSH and PRL. C) liver cells. B) specific transport into the target cell A) acromegaly. Calcitonin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics D) ATP is produced. Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells? A) kidneys. Hypothyroidism can also occur in pituitary dysfunction, such as pituitary tumors or inflammation. The C-cells in your thyroid gland produce calcitonin. [13], The calcitonin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor localized to osteoclasts[17] as well kidney and brain cells. E) peptide P. The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) skeletal muscle fibers. C) binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein However, this is a minor effect with no physiological significance in humans. A) gonadotrophins. Suckling is an important stimulus for release of: 18) Hormones from the posterior pituitary are released in response to: 19) Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate secretion of: 20) Increasing the uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland and increasing the growth of the thyroid gland are two functions of: 22) The primary effect of T3 and T4 is to: 23) Increasing synthesis of the enzymes that run the active transport pump Na to power of (+)/K+ ATPase is the major effect of: 24) The primary effect of calcitonin is to: 25.